Square-to-rounds are everywhere - you never notice them unless you're looking for them. Geometrically I am talking
about any 3D body that transforms from a square to a round: table legs, hanging baskets, lamp shades, bottle necks, heating,
ventilation and air conditioning, duct work. All the program does is allow you type in the minimum of geometric properties
to be able to draw a square to round surface flattened out onto a 2D plane. Also the program exports 3D geometry suitable
games engines, web graphics, and CAD operators.
In Pan Mode (represented by a pair of shears cursor) you can pan the
view port around using a left button drag operation.
In Tape Mode (represented by tape measure cursor) the canvas remains
stationary and the left button drag operation measures point to point.
In either mode you can zoom in or out about the position of the cursor
by scrolling the mouse wheel. Pressing the mouse wheel or 3rd mouse
button performs a zoom extents.
The Square-to-Round application creates a VRML file which is just a list of 3D vertices and faces. The
application does not render a 3D model. You'll need either a standalone VRML viewing application or web plugin
for your internet browser. The web plugins are generally free and available for all the popular browsers like IE, Netscape
and FireFox. Here's a list of just a few VRML viewers:
IMSI-TurboCAD, Righthemisphere - Deep Exploration, Parallel Graphics - Cortona.
Just check the Zoom Factor setting from the View menu bar and the value is greater than zero.
5 is the default for most PC's. 1 for slower PC's and 10 for high spec machines or a value you feel
gives you most control.
This is quite a popular question because A0, A1 large format plotters are quite expensive although they
have dropped in price over the past couple of years. Full version users can export to DXF and import into
a CAD system where you can add dims and a border etc. But that still doesn't explain how to print on multiple
pages. I've compiled another web page just on this subject:
True - I think this is because of the complexity of a square to round means that they are not economical to design, build
and integrate into new or existing HVAC systems. This also means less apprentices will get the chance to have a go at a
square-to-round. I've seen companies shy away from making square to rounds because there's no one in the company
with the pattern drafting skills required.
I just wonder generally when the metal sheet worker want to make such a shape before the
computer age, how did they do it? Estimation?
Triangulation. Before the computer revolution you would layout your pattern on a drawing board and most things
can be accomplished with a pair of dividers and a rule. By drawing 2D elevations you are solving unknown lengths to
the problem. The apprentice sheet metal worker learns 3 main pattern
development skills. 1) Parallel line, 2) Radial line and 3) Triangulation. If you can get hold of the Dickason
book then there's no better guide.
Although probably considered outside the domain of the sheet metal worker using a pair of dividers, rule and pencil and little knowlage from our Greek freinds Euclid and Applonius to name only two you can solve most mathematical problems without the aid of silde rules, calculators or computers. It's only software devleopers who keep telling us we need faster
and faster computers.
The thicker the material the more important it is to allow for material thickness. The software generates a pattern
that is inextensible ruled surface. That means a (very very thin) plane that neither stretches or shinks after bending. For thin sheet use the centre line of the sheet. For thicker materials an additional allowance may be required often called a bend reduction allowance or the k-factor. I've written some more here:
bendallowance/bend.htm
How would you allow for bend allowances on a drawing board development? As a starting point assume the centre line
of the material thickness. The external dimension less the thickness of the material. For example, the circle end of a square to circle transformer of
100mm diameter external and a plate thickness of 3mm then set the circle diameter in the software to 97mm will give excellent result because the radius is large compared with the
sheet thickness. For tight bends like the square ends then use the internal dimensions as
this will allow for an internal radius of twice the thickness of the material. It's impossible to make square corners with material of any thickness. You can
cut relieveing holes or slits if an internal radius of twice the thickness is still to great. For example the square end of square to circle transformer
being 200mm x 200mm and again using 3 mm plate then I'd set the SX,SY parameter to 194mm x 194mm. There's more information on this at the
above hyperlink. You may need to experiment with your bender an revise the drawing to allow for more or less material.
The dynamic ability of the software allows you to generate a pattern so quickly it's less of a problem than asking the draughtsman for a redraw.
The material and the sheet thickness will determine the type of weld prep. required.
Under 20 SWG you can get away with no gap. 16 SWG - I'd leave a 1.6mm gap. Under 3mm thick I'd leave a gap about 2 - 3 mm
gap. Above 3 mm thick I'd start to think about a V groove preparation (especially if I couldn't get to weld inside).
The software cannot make this decision and I leave the weld position and prep. to the sheet metal worker and
welder.
For 0.8mm (22 SWG) you could go right down to a No.1 nozzle (1cubic feet / hour) but if the there's a alot of material drawing
the heat then you'll need a 2 or possibly a No. 3. Above 2mm thick plate you might want to use MIG welding for the speed although
that's not to say you can not GAS weld thick materials. Oxy-Acet welding is probably the most versatile welding process out there.
I don't know really - but around 3mm thick I think. People regard themselves as sheet metal workers or platers. I might interchange
the word sheet and plate anywhere through this documentation.
Welding melts the parent metal and if filler wire is introduced it is usually the same composition as the parent metal.
This is great for butt and fillet joins.
Brazing rod material melts at lower temp than the parent metal and generally uses lap joints rather than butt joints. The
clean surface (and flux) wick the braze into the lap and the area of lap provide a strong joint. You can also reheat the
parent metal and disassemble the work without damaging the parent metal, but the downside is you must not subject the
work to high temp processes once brazed - don't try to weld a new handle on watering can if it was soldered together - it tends
to fall apart.
If welding is not the answer then,like you say, some other allowance must be made like lap joints for riveting or brazing.
The software does not make any allowance for different joining methods. You can of course export to DXF cad format
and apply your own additional flanging or draw them on manually onto the plot.
There are plans to add additional drawing functions like lines etc in future revisions to allow the user to markup a drawing or indeed
extend the design.
Unfortunatly, I've no real experience in this field and I know the techniques used are extremely hard to master.
I have read 2 books which maybe of help to you:
() Nelson, W., Airplane Lofting, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st, New York: (1941), .
() Rabl, S.S., Ship and Aircraft Fairing and Development, Cornell Maritime Press, 1st., Maryland: (1941), .
Both books cover some fundamental geometry and descriptive geometry but the chapters on hulls and fuselages are the
most difficult to grasp.
Yes, you can produce and oblique cone pattern or
a right cone. If you have zero
offset then it's a right cone. You can offset the apex either
plus or minus depending on where you want the joint -
have a play. You'll need to do a little calc for your example to find
the numerical offset that keeps the joint on the flat plate
OX = (D-d)/2 as per your example.
Please note I don't allow any material for a lap joint
but you would just append on the lap by hand or in CAD.
CADCAM:
CNC machine tools interpret G Codes. Gcodes are pretty unfriendly so
for example Trumpf provide the JetCAM interface which imports DXF.
Most Machine Tool makers give out JetCAM or some other
CADCAM interface. They nearly all import DXF which has nearly become
a common format for engineering. Unfortunately not just any DXF file - they usually require a
continuous closed poly line. The software exports a 2D
DXF pattern only which is a continuous polyline so
there's practically no work for the laser cutting
company to do apart from nest it on the sheet.
That's why I open up the DXF export for full users because the layman or lite user
won't need exports to different format.
Always send a dimensioned drawing of your
requirements- you don't want them making it 50 inches
rather than 50mm and never order a batch quantity until you've proved
out the pattern - paper and cardboard if needs be but preferably a trial build.
I take your point that some applications have limits which need to be applied by the engineer such as mass flow
rate for exhausting gasses. The software does allow the engineer to design the square-to-round by changing the
input and output areas. It also calculates the volume of the internal fluid. This should save the
engineer a lot of time. Say it's a fume hood over a bench then the square bench will determine the size of the square/rectangle.
Then using the software you can immediately see the area of the square/rectangle. You can then set the area of the
round to (say) 65% of area of the square. So it's very easy to apply any standards or rules of thumb applicable.
One engineer's constraint is another's solution. Perhaps you want that pressure on the input side so that the fluid
velocity is increased on the output side.
The software has no constraints for the input or output dimensions. In fact the software doesn't even have
any geometrical restraints. i.e. you can put in a negative diameter and create an impossible structure.
I prefer to let the mathematics have its say and explore beyond the 'normal' parameters.
Computing Questions
Does the Square to Round Transition program come in Imperial (feet and inches) version?
Release 1.02 (check your about box to see which version you are running)
You can now set the User Interface into metric [mm] or imperial [in] and any subsequent scaled
printout will be in your preferred choice of units without the need for manual conversion. The choice
of units is stored in an ini file when you start the application it will drive up in your favored units.
The tystor file format has changed and now contains units information. Say you send
your tystor file to another company then when they open the file the correct units
will be associated with the file. Release 1.02 will open the older file format but will
remain in the default units system you have chosen. Always confirm the overall dimension
with sheet metal shop. There's always scope for a mistake when we all use different measurement
standards.
Beta Version 1,2 and 3, Release 1.00:
I'm afraid it's lacking with the imperial measurements and I'll make it a priority for version 2. A lack of foresight on my part.
All version 1 users get version 2 free. Because the application is built
with consistent units and as long as you enter the dims (but not a mixture of units) the calculation will be correct.
e.g. (say) 6 inch round and 12 inch square the calculations will be OK - although having a printout showing 6mm when
you mean 6in is a recipe for disaster
I've got a couple of work around's that may help you.
(say) 6 inch round and 12 inch square you could manually calculate and enter the following:
6inx25.4mm/in=152.4mm
12inx25.4mm/in=304.8mm
and then when you print to scale 1:1 you'll get the dims you need.
Another option is to ignore the [mm] and enter the dims in inches (say) 6 and 12. and then export as a DXF. Import the DXF into
your CAD App. (if you have one) and then scale up the geometry by 25.4
I've been informed and I've checked the case for TurboCAD that is if you open the DXF in an imperial template then there's
no need to scale up the geometry. Please check the dims from within your CAD system to make sure you are getting
the dims you expect.
The DXF file does not open in my CAD system?
A bug that escaped through beta testing but does not effect the limited edition. Some applications require header and layer
information.
The DXF files exported should now work in the majority of CAD applications and DXF viewers.
A patch has been released to all full version users which creates a layer called STORV1 for all the inserted geometry and
fixes a couple of bugs with my original DXF export functions.
Please email me at sheetmetal@tyharness.co.uk if for some reason the DXF does not open in your CAD system and
I'll look into the problem. If possible send me a simple test file that does import into your software and I should be
able to work out why the import fails.
The program produces a red box when there's an invalid string of
letters. Not that your input is invalid just that your OS locale
is using comma's (,) instead of decimal (.).
The only work around is to put windows into a UK or USA locale or
maybe customize your locale.
From the Control panel go to Regional options.
You can customize your own locale and the decimal symbol needs to be a (.) point.
I'm not sure if this will effect any of your other programs (especially data bases) - Be Careful.
I'll see if I can come up with a programmatic way of solving the decimal point/locale issue.
I've downloaded the zip file and how do I install the software?
Several software applications allow you to uncompress a WinZip file. XP will uncompress
the file by selecting the file with the Right Button and choosing extract to folder. If you've
got an earlier version of Windows then WinZIP or WinRAR will also extract the zip file using
the same technique.
Once the zip file is extracted it should just leave the setup.exe (inside a folder) then
Double left button click on the setup.exe file and software should then install. It's just the bog standard Installshield
and once started click next - next etc. Once
installed there should be a desktop icon to launch the program and also a start programs thc sheetmetal icon to
launch as well.
You may need admin privileges to install software. The install is best done by the administrator because their are no license
restrictions on the number of users so the administrator can just allow all users to use the software. Any further trouble with installing
then please let me know.
How do use the vrml to assemble parts, especially the segmental Bend?
You can add the wrl file into a larger scene wrl file with inline url and the translate/rotate commands allow assembly.
It's a bit more complex than what I've made out but here's a example page I hope will get you started.
VRML sheet metal assembly
Also, CAD systems have 3D tools to allow you assemble 3D objects.
When I print the pattern it's not producing the correct dimensions by a long way? I need 1:1?
Just check that when printing patterns that the scale on the status bar is 1:1 and when printed the top
left of the paper states at what scale the pattern was printed. Right button click on the displayed scale
and then set it to 1:1. If like me you can't resist scrolling the mouse wheel by accident then apply the scale lock and the mouse wheeling and wheel click won't rescale the drawing.
Will the software work with Vista?
I'm working to fully integrate all the features to work in Windows Vista for future versions and
here's a page with the current test results.
Will the software work with Windows 7?
It works OK but the original help files installed can not be read. W7 offers to download a viewer but all the help files are available online so it's
not worth downloading a 3rd party help viewer.
Please see the Vista page page (link below).
I though it would be a good way of creating documentation at the time and with the cursor caption
option checked I can often help people with a screen shot. By pressing F10 the application window
is saved in the output folder as a bitmap. When I wrote it in WinMe all we had was Alt+Printscreen but
there are some nice utilities these days like Lotus Screen Cam and Windows own Sniper tool.
I think you're running XP pro, Vista or W7 and the permissions to write to the folder are prohibitied. Depending on what version of Vista and W7 and if you installed the software as an administator or not etc. The simplist way is to Right Button click the Output folder as Administrator and goto properties and edit permissions check Full control for each of the users that are likely to use the Sheet metal Apps.
By pressing the scroll wheel (or third) button you are scaling the drawing to fit the extents of the paper size. You
need to plot the pattern at a specific scale so that the pattern is (say) 1:1, 1:2 etc which makes it easier for the
sheet metal worker to transfer the pattern from the paper to the work peice. Here's some more info. on scaling:
Scaling.htm Mathematics Questions
The software works out the volume of a cone by summing tetrahedrons and is only an approximation to the
true value of a cone. If you ask for the volume when n=12 and then 24,36,48 etc you should start to see the
volume converge. More Info.
For a circular arc centre line you could just simply divide up the 250mm centre into n segments say 6
250/6 = 41.67 and then use the tape measure in the application and with a bit of trial and error, but the maths is trivial
for a circular arc.
250mm = R x 45 (pi/180)
R = (250 x 180) / (45 x pi) = 45000 / 141.37
R = 318.3mm
and you just feed R into both Major and Minor axes edit boxes
A centre line that follows an ellipse is a lot more fun where you need to calculate an elliptic integral, E(z,m):
m = k^2 = 1 - b^2/a^2
Now we don't know what the a and b semi axes are but we can make a guess to ratio b/a let's say 1/1.25 .
m = k^2 = 1^2/1.25^2 = 0.64
z is then bend angle in radians: 45deg x (pi/180) = 0.785398163
You can calculate the the incomplete elliptic integral from tables or from Wolfram website: