Ty Harness Sheet Metal Software FAQ's first created 06/12/05 - last modified 17/12/12 Page Author: Ty Harness
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General Questions:

I can't find your email address?


Software questions:
Can you explain the difference between Pan and Tape mode and how to use the mouse?
I can't view the wrl files - what are wrl files?
I'm scrolling the mouse wheel but nothings happening?
What about 3D design?
Is it possible I can use the 3D information in my own application or CAD product?
Does the Square to Round Transition program come in Imperial (feet and inches) version?
What about other units like feet and inches or metres?
The DXF file does not open in my CAD system?
I get red box and/or "List index out of bounds(7)
I've downloaded the zip file and how do I install the software?
How do use the vrml to assemble parts, especially the segmental Bend?
Does the segmental Bend software allow for tapered lobster back bends?
Will the software work with Vista?
Will the software work with Windows 7 and Windows 8?
What about small screen and tablet devices?
I use Solid Works and the zooming direction for mouse scroll wheel is reversed- Can I reverse your (sheet metal apps) scrollwheel direction?
What is the purpose of the F10 Screen Shot?
When ever I press F10 for a screen shot it not saved in the Output folder?


Printing Problems
When I print the pattern it's not producing the correct dimensions by a long way?
How do I print a full size pattern if it's larger than A4 paper?
I change the size of a segmental bend but the plot is always the same size?

Sheet Metal questions:
What are square to rounds and what do you use this program for?
How do I transfer the measurements to the material?
What are the bend angles for a Square to Circle?
I don't see many square to rounds made in the sheet metal industry these days?
Your application does NOT consider the sheet material thickness and bend allowance. Why not?
What about a gap for welding?
There just isn't anyway to join the edges together?
I just wonder generally when the metal sheet worker want to make such a shape before the computer age, how did they do it? Estimation?
What size gas welding nozzle do I need for 0.8 - 1mm thick mild steel?
When does the term plate replace sheet?
What's the difference between brazing and welding?
What about hull, fuselage development?
I need a pattern for raising a dome?

I want to make a cosmetic taper boiler for a OO gauge (4mm:1foot) model steam loco. I think this boiler shape is called an oblique cone (like the cone shape formed by a 1p and 2p coin stood on edge on a flat surface with their faces parallel to each other). Am I right in thinking your CONET software would produce what I've been told is the "developed shape" for the flat piece of metal I would need to roll and solder to form this boiler shape.

If I wanted to export the file to give to a laser cutter would they recognize any format in particular?

Engineering questions:
When a reducer output is made 40% less than the reducer input won't that constrict the air flow and create a back pressure in the duct work thus causing the motor to work harder? As a suggestion maybe the program should have constraints that could be electively brought into the program to not allow a reduction more than lets say 40% of the original opening.

Mathematics Questions:
How do convert mm cubed into metre cubed?
How do I work out the volume of an oblique cone?
I know how to calc the surface area of a right cone but how does your software calc the surface area of an oblique cone?
How do I work out a centre line length for a segmental bend (or smooth bend)?

Using the Square-to-Round Software Questions
  • What are square to rounds and what do you use this program for?

    Square-to-rounds are everywhere - you never notice them unless you're looking for them. Geometrically I am talking about any 3D body that transforms from a square to a round: table legs, hanging baskets, lamp shades, bottle necks, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, duct work. All the program does is allow you type in the minimum of geometric properties to be able to draw a square to round surface flattened out onto a 2D plane. Also the program exports 3D geometry suitable games engines, web graphics, and CAD operators.
  • Can you explain the difference between Pan and Tape mode and how to use the mouse?

    Two modes of operation: Pan Mode and Tape mode.

    In Pan Mode (represented by a pair of shears cursor) you can pan the view port around using a left button drag operation.

    In Tape Mode (represented by tape measure cursor) the canvas remains stationary and the left button drag operation measures point to point.

    In either mode you can zoom in or out about the position of the cursor by scrolling the mouse wheel. Pressing the mouse wheel or 3rd mouse button performs a zoom extents.

  • I can't view the wrl files - what are wrl files?

    The Square-to-Round application creates a VRML file which is just a list of 3D vertices and faces. The application does not render a 3D model. You'll need either a standalone VRML viewing application or web plugin for your internet browser. The web plugins are generally free and available for all the popular browsers like IE, Netscape and FireFox. Here's a list of just a few VRML viewers:
    IMSI-TurboCAD, Righthemisphere - Deep Exploration, Parallel Graphics - Cortona.

  • I'm scrolling the mouse wheel but nothings happening?

    Just check the Zoom Factor setting from the View menu bar and the value is greater than zero. 5 is the default for most PC's. 1 for slower PC's and 10 for high spec machines or a value you feel gives you most control.
  • Does the segmental Bend software allow for tapered lobster back bends?

    No not at the moment, although I will make the software handle tapered bends and any updates can be found on this page:
    Tapered Bend

  • How do I print a full size pattern if it's larger than A4 paper?

    This is quite a popular question because A0, A1 large format plotters are quite expensive although they have dropped in price over the past couple of years. Full version users can export to DXF and import into a CAD system where you can add dims and a border etc. But that still doesn't explain how to print on multiple pages. I've compiled another web page just on this subject:

    Multiple Page Printing


    General Questions:
  • I can't find your email address?

    It's compiled into the graphic on the homepage and I change it regularly because of the immense amount of spam.

    Please try the feedback form Sheet Metal Feedback Form

    Sheet Metal Orientated Questions
  • I don't see many square to rounds made in the sheet metal industry these days?

    True - I think this is because of the complexity of a square to round means that they are not economical to design, build and integrate into new or existing HVAC systems. This also means less apprentices will get the chance to have a go at a square-to-round. I've seen companies shy away from making square to rounds because there's no one in the company with the pattern drafting skills required.
  • I just wonder generally when the metal sheet worker want to make such a shape before the computer age, how did they do it? Estimation?
    Triangulation. Before the computer revolution you would layout your pattern on a drawing board and most things can be accomplished with a pair of dividers and a rule. By drawing 2D elevations you are solving unknown lengths to the problem. The apprentice sheet metal worker learns 3 main pattern development skills. 1) Parallel line, 2) Radial line and 3) Triangulation. If you can get hold of the Dickason book then there's no better guide.

    Although probably considered outside the domain of the sheet metal worker using a pair of dividers, rule and pencil and little knowlage from our Greek freinds Euclid and Applonius to name only two you can solve most mathematical problems without the aid of silde rules, calculators or computers. It's only software devleopers who keep telling us we need faster and faster computers.

  • Your application does NOT consider the sheet material thickness and bend allowance. Why not?

    The thicker the material the more important it is to allow for material thickness. The software generates a pattern that is inextensible ruled surface. That means a (very very thin) plane that neither stretches or shinks after bending. For thin sheet use the centre line of the sheet. For thicker materials an additional allowance may be required often called a bend reduction allowance or the k-factor. I've written some more here:
    bendallowance/bend.htm
    How would you allow for bend allowances on a drawing board development? As a starting point assume the centre line of the material thickness. The external dimension less the thickness of the material. For example, the circle end of a square to circle transformer of 100mm diameter external and a plate thickness of 3mm then set the circle diameter in the software to 97mm will give excellent result because the radius is large compared with the sheet thickness. For tight bends like the square ends then use the internal dimensions as this will allow for an internal radius of twice the thickness of the material. It's impossible to make square corners with material of any thickness. You can cut relieveing holes or slits if an internal radius of twice the thickness is still to great. For example the square end of square to circle transformer being 200mm x 200mm and again using 3 mm plate then I'd set the SX,SY parameter to 194mm x 194mm. There's more information on this at the above hyperlink. You may need to experiment with your bender an revise the drawing to allow for more or less material.

    The dynamic ability of the software allows you to generate a pattern so quickly it's less of a problem than asking the draughtsman for a redraw.

  • What about a gap for welding?

    The material and the sheet thickness will determine the type of weld prep. required. Under 20 SWG you can get away with no gap. 16 SWG - I'd leave a 1.6mm gap. Under 3mm thick I'd leave a gap about 2 - 3 mm gap. Above 3 mm thick I'd start to think about a V groove preparation (especially if I couldn't get to weld inside). The software cannot make this decision and I leave the weld position and prep. to the sheet metal worker and welder.
  • What size gas welding nozzle do I need for 0.8 - 1mm thick mild steel?

    For 0.8mm (22 SWG) you could go right down to a No.1 nozzle (1cubic feet / hour) but if the there's a alot of material drawing the heat then you'll need a 2 or possibly a No. 3. Above 2mm thick plate you might want to use MIG welding for the speed although that's not to say you can not GAS weld thick materials. Oxy-Acet welding is probably the most versatile welding process out there.
  • When does the term plate replace sheet?

    I don't know really - but around 3mm thick I think. People regard themselves as sheet metal workers or platers. I might interchange the word sheet and plate anywhere through this documentation.
  • What's the difference between brazing and welding?

    Welding melts the parent metal and if filler wire is introduced it is usually the same composition as the parent metal. This is great for butt and fillet joins.

    Brazing rod material melts at lower temp than the parent metal and generally uses lap joints rather than butt joints. The clean surface (and flux) wick the braze into the lap and the area of lap provide a strong joint. You can also reheat the parent metal and disassemble the work without damaging the parent metal, but the downside is you must not subject the work to high temp processes once brazed - don't try to weld a new handle on watering can if it was soldered together - it tends to fall apart.

  • I seen no tabs that are available in the flat lay out that could be used for joining the edges together. Or even that special edge roll allowing for the splice insert bar. The smaller hole has no neck protruding out even if it just had some triangular tabs to pop rivet or screw to. There just isn't anyway to join the edges together.

    If welding is not the answer then,like you say, some other allowance must be made like lap joints for riveting or brazing. The software does not make any allowance for different joining methods. You can of course export to DXF cad format and apply your own additional flanging or draw them on manually onto the plot. There are plans to add additional drawing functions like lines etc in future revisions to allow the user to markup a drawing or indeed extend the design.
  • What about hull, fuselage development?

    Unfortunatly, I've no real experience in this field and I know the techniques used are extremely hard to master. I have read 2 books which maybe of help to you:


    () Nelson, W., Airplane Lofting, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st, New York: (1941), .

    () Rabl, S.S., Ship and Aircraft Fairing and Development, Cornell Maritime Press, 1st., Maryland: (1941), .

    Both books cover some fundamental geometry and descriptive geometry but the chapters on hulls and fuselages are the most difficult to grasp.



  • I need a pattern for raising a dome?

    Sorry, the software can only cope with ruled surfaces.

    If it's a true spherical dome (or hemispherical) then cut out a circular pattern with a radius of (PI/2) R = 1.571 x R where R is sphere radius.

    It is possible to create a segmental dome using the Twisted Transformers software: Twisted Transformers

  • I want to make a cosmetic taper boiler for a OO gauge (4mm:1foot) model steam loco. I think this boiler shape is called an oblique cone (like the cone shape formed by a 1p and 2p coin stood on edge on a flat surface with their faces parallel to each other).

    Am I right in thinking your CONET software would produce what I've been told is the "developed shape" for the flat piece of metal I would need to roll and solder to form this boiler shape.


    Yes, you can produce and oblique cone pattern or a right cone. If you have zero offset then it's a right cone. You can offset the apex either plus or minus depending on where you want the joint - have a play. You'll need to do a little calc for your example to find the numerical offset that keeps the joint on the flat plate OX = (D-d)/2 as per your example.
    Please note I don't allow any material for a lap joint but you would just append on the lap by hand or in CAD.

  • If I wanted to export the file to give to a laser cutter would they recognize any format in particular?

    CADCAM: CNC machine tools interpret G Codes. Gcodes are pretty unfriendly so for example Trumpf provide the JetCAM interface which imports DXF. Most Machine Tool makers give out JetCAM or some other CADCAM interface. They nearly all import DXF which has nearly become a common format for engineering. Unfortunately not just any DXF file - they usually require a continuous closed poly line. The software exports a 2D DXF pattern only which is a continuous polyline so there's practically no work for the laser cutting company to do apart from nest it on the sheet.

    That's why I open up the DXF export for full users because the layman or lite user won't need exports to different format.

    Always send a dimensioned drawing of your requirements- you don't want them making it 50 inches rather than 50mm and never order a batch quantity until you've proved out the pattern - paper and cardboard if needs be but preferably a trial build.



    Engineering Questions
  • Air ducts as we call them on our job are most, if not all, of the time needed for the movement of air or a toxic gas in the case of a laboratory room or bench. Fume hoods are what I am talking about. Motor sizes have to be strictly used according to the National Electrical Standards.

    When a reducer output is made 40% less than the reducer input won't that constrict the air flow and create a back pressure in the duct work thus causing the motor to work harder?

    As a suggestion maybe the program should have constraints that could be electively brought into the program to not allow a reduction more than lets say 40% of the original opening.


    I take your point that some applications have limits which need to be applied by the engineer such as mass flow rate for exhausting gasses. The software does allow the engineer to design the square-to-round by changing the input and output areas. It also calculates the volume of the internal fluid. This should save the engineer a lot of time. Say it's a fume hood over a bench then the square bench will determine the size of the square/rectangle. Then using the software you can immediately see the area of the square/rectangle. You can then set the area of the round to (say) 65% of area of the square. So it's very easy to apply any standards or rules of thumb applicable.

    One engineer's constraint is another's solution. Perhaps you want that pressure on the input side so that the fluid velocity is increased on the output side.

    The software has no constraints for the input or output dimensions. In fact the software doesn't even have any geometrical restraints. i.e. you can put in a negative diameter and create an impossible structure. I prefer to let the mathematics have its say and explore beyond the 'normal' parameters.

    Computing Questions
  • What about 3D design?
    The sheet metal applications use 2D geometric parameters to control the 3D transformations. I've no plans at the moment to use a 3D interface to control the design although I can see this is needed when oblique cuts are made in different planes. You can of course export 3D dxf and vrml if you need to import 3D data into other applications. Also I'm building a 3D OpenGL viewer for users who do not have a double sided rendering application on their PC. Just seeing the 3D transformation can help verify a design.
    TyFace viewer.


  • Is it possible I can use the 3D information in my own application or CAD product?
    Yes, SEGB now allows the face data to be exported and you can find the information on how to read the
    TyFace file format and 3D viewer. Unfortunately, STOR does not yet export TyFace file but v1.1 will correct this and all future development will provide this file format. The file format may develop over the next year and the documentation can be found on the 3D viewer page.

  • Does the Square to Round Transition program come in Imperial (feet and inches) version?
    Release 1.02 (check your about box to see which version you are running)
    You can now set the User Interface into metric [mm] or imperial [in] and any subsequent scaled printout will be in your preferred choice of units without the need for manual conversion. The choice of units is stored in an ini file when you start the application it will drive up in your favored units. The tystor file format has changed and now contains units information. Say you send your tystor file to another company then when they open the file the correct units will be associated with the file. Release 1.02 will open the older file format but will remain in the default units system you have chosen. Always confirm the overall dimension with sheet metal shop. There's always scope for a mistake when we all use different measurement standards.

    Beta Version 1,2 and 3, Release 1.00:
    I'm afraid it's lacking with the imperial measurements and I'll make it a priority for version 2. A lack of foresight on my part. All version 1 users get version 2 free. Because the application is built with consistent units and as long as you enter the dims (but not a mixture of units) the calculation will be correct. e.g. (say) 6 inch round and 12 inch square the calculations will be OK - although having a printout showing 6mm when you mean 6in is a recipe for disaster

    I've got a couple of work around's that may help you.

    (say) 6 inch round and 12 inch square you could manually calculate and enter the following:
    6inx25.4mm/in=152.4mm
    12inx25.4mm/in=304.8mm

    and then when you print to scale 1:1 you'll get the dims you need.

    Another option is to ignore the [mm] and enter the dims in inches (say) 6 and 12. and then export as a DXF. Import the DXF into your CAD App. (if you have one) and then scale up the geometry by 25.4

    I've been informed and I've checked the case for TurboCAD that is if you open the DXF in an imperial template then there's no need to scale up the geometry. Please check the dims from within your CAD system to make sure you are getting the dims you expect.


  • What about other units like feet and inches or metres?
    I've no plans to support other units or a mixture of units at this time.

  • The DXF file does not open in my CAD system?
    A bug that escaped through beta testing but does not effect the limited edition. Some applications require header and layer information. The DXF files exported should now work in the majority of CAD applications and DXF viewers. A patch has been released to all full version users which creates a layer called STORV1 for all the inserted geometry and fixes a couple of bugs with my original DXF export functions.

    Here's 3 test files you can download and test in your application.
    testdxf_pattern.dxf {Use Right Button and Save Target AS}
    testdxf_2D.dxf {Use Right Button and Save Target AS}
    testdxf_3D.dxf {Use Right Button and Save Target AS}

    Please email me at sheetmetal@tyharness.co.uk if for some reason the DXF does not open in your CAD system and I'll look into the problem. If possible send me a simple test file that does import into your software and I should be able to work out why the import fails.


  • I get red box and/or "List index out of bounds(7)?




    The program produces a red box when there's an invalid string of letters. Not that your input is invalid just that your OS locale is using comma's (,) instead of decimal (.).

    The only work around is to put windows into a UK or USA locale or maybe customize your locale.

    From the Control panel go to Regional options.

    You can customize your own locale and the decimal symbol needs to be a (.) point. I'm not sure if this will effect any of your other programs (especially data bases) - Be Careful.

    I'll see if I can come up with a programmatic way of solving the decimal point/locale issue.


  • I've downloaded the zip file and how do I install the software?
    Several software applications allow you to uncompress a WinZip file. XP will uncompress the file by selecting the file with the Right Button and choosing extract to folder. If you've got an earlier version of Windows then WinZIP or WinRAR will also extract the zip file using the same technique.

    Once the zip file is extracted it should just leave the setup.exe (inside a folder) then Double left button click on the setup.exe file and software should then install. It's just the bog standard Installshield and once started click next - next etc. Once installed there should be a desktop icon to launch the program and also a start programs thc sheetmetal icon to launch as well.

    You may need admin privileges to install software. The install is best done by the administrator because their are no license restrictions on the number of users so the administrator can just allow all users to use the software. Any further trouble with installing then please let me know.


  • How do use the vrml to assemble parts, especially the segmental Bend?
    You can add the wrl file into a larger scene wrl file with inline url and the translate/rotate commands allow assembly. It's a bit more complex than what I've made out but here's a example page I hope will get you started.
    VRML sheet metal assembly
    Also, CAD systems have 3D tools to allow you assemble 3D objects.


  • When I print the pattern it's not producing the correct dimensions by a long way? I need 1:1?
    Just check that when printing patterns that the scale on the status bar is 1:1 and when printed the top left of the paper states at what scale the pattern was printed. Right button click on the displayed scale and then set it to 1:1. If like me you can't resist scrolling the mouse wheel by accident then apply the scale lock and the mouse wheeling and wheel click won't rescale the drawing.

    There's some more info at : Printing 1:1 when the pattern larger than the paper


  • Will the software work with Vista?
    I'm working to fully integrate all the features to work in Windows Vista for future versions and here's a page with the current test results.

    Vista Test page


  • Will the software work with Windows 7?
    It works OK but the original help files installed can not be read. W7 offers to download a viewer but all the help files are available online so it's not worth downloading a 3rd party help viewer. Please see the Vista page page (link below).

    Vista Test page including W7.

    I've stoped testing in 95,98,Me,NT4,2000 for future development to concentrate on XPSP3, Vista and W7.

  • I use Solid Works and the zooming direction for mouse scroll wheel is reversed- Can I reverse your (sheet metal apps) scrollwheel direction?
    Yes, goto View and then Zoom Factor. Enter a negative sign in front of the speed. e.g. 5 become -5.


  • What about small screen and tablet devices?
    I've written some more here

  • What is the purpose of the F10 Screen Shot?

    I though it would be a good way of creating documentation at the time and with the cursor caption option checked I can often help people with a screen shot. By pressing F10 the application window is saved in the output folder as a bitmap. When I wrote it in WinMe all we had was Alt+Printscreen but there are some nice utilities these days like Lotus Screen Cam and Windows own Sniper tool.
  • When ever I press F10 for a screen shot it is not saved in the Output folder?

    I think you're running XP pro, Vista or W7 and the permissions to write to the folder are prohibitied. Depending on what version of Vista and W7 and if you installed the software as an administator or not etc. The simplist way is to Right Button click the Output folder as Administrator and goto properties and edit permissions check Full control for each of the users that are likely to use the Sheet metal Apps.
  • I change the size of a segmental bend but the plot is always the same size?

    By pressing the scroll wheel (or third) button you are scaling the drawing to fit the extents of the paper size. You need to plot the pattern at a specific scale so that the pattern is (say) 1:1, 1:2 etc which makes it easier for the sheet metal worker to transfer the pattern from the paper to the work peice. Here's some more info. on scaling: Scaling.htm
    Mathematics Questions
  • How do convert mm cubed into metre cubed and litres?
    There are 1000mm in 1m and 1m x 1m x 1m = 1m^3 = 1000mm x 1000mm x 1000mm = 1 000 000 000 mm^3 = 1E9mm^3

    So the conversion factor is 1m^3/1E9mm^3 Say you have a square to round with a volume of 500 000 000 mm^3 then

    5 000 000 mm^3 x 1 m^3 / 1E9mm^3 = 0.5 m^3

    If you write out the above in a more conventional fraction form then the mm^3 cancel leaving the answer in m^3

    There are 1000 litres in 1m^3

    0.5 m^3 x 1000 litres/m^3 = 500 litres.

    The secret to units is to write out your equation in conventional form including the units and the problem is self formulating and self checking.

    Again to convert cubic inches into cubic yards then by knowing there is 36 inches in a yard. 1(cubic yard) = 36(in) x 36(in) x 36(in) = 46656 (in)^3

    1(cubic yard) / 46656(in^3) = 1

    15000 (in^3) x 1 (cubic yard) / 46656 (in^3) = 0.322 cubic yards



  • How do I work out the volume of an oblique cone?
    In general you can use the simple formula: V = (1/3) A H
    More Info.

    The software works out the volume of a cone by summing tetrahedrons and is only an approximation to the true value of a cone. If you ask for the volume when n=12 and then 24,36,48 etc you should start to see the volume converge.
    More Info.


  • I know how to calc the surface area of a right cone but how does your software calc the surface area of an oblique cone?
    The Conet software divides the base circle in n divisions and then summates all the triangles made by connection to the apex. It's only a truncation and the higher n then the more accurate the answer will be. I searched for year to find a working man's approximation to this problem but have never found a simple solution. Here's some more info on the topic: Surface area of an oblique cone

  • How do I work out a centre line length for a segmental bend (or smooth bend)? The Tapered bend I need to create will be 50 mm o/d start and 58 mm o/d finish bend angle is approximate 45 degrees but crucially the centre line length needs to be exactly 250mm


    For a circular arc centre line you could just simply divide up the 250mm centre into n segments say 6 250/6 = 41.67 and then use the tape measure in the application and with a bit of trial and error, but the maths is trivial for a circular arc.

    250mm = R x 45 (pi/180)

    R = (250 x 180) / (45 x pi) = 45000 / 141.37

    R = 318.3mm

    and you just feed R into both Major and Minor axes edit boxes

    A centre line that follows an ellipse is a lot more fun where you need to calculate an elliptic integral, E(z,m):

    m = k^2 = 1 - b^2/a^2

    Now we don't know what the a and b semi axes are but we can make a guess to ratio b/a let's say 1/1.25 .

    m = k^2 = 1^2/1.25^2 = 0.64

    z is then bend angle in radians: 45deg x (pi/180) = 0.785398163

    You can calculate the the incomplete elliptic integral from tables or from Wolfram website:

    http://functions.wolfram.com/webMathematica/FunctionEvaluation.jsp?name=EllipticE2&ptype=0&z=0.785398163&m=0.64&digits=6

    E(z,m) = E(0.785 , 0.64 ) 0.737136 as calculated by Mathematica

    s = a x E(z,m) where s is the arc length that we do know.

    a = 250/0.737136 = 339

    b = a/1.25 = 271

    As you'd expect one would be greater than the circular arc R and one less.

    Feed those into major and minor axes in the software.

    That ratio b/a might be too slight or extreme for you actual application but it gives you an idea.

    I think you'll agree that incomplete elliptic integrals of the second kind are fun.




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